Bacteria & UV Information

Bacteria & UV | pH Neutralising | Sediment Reduction | Iron & Manganese |
Water Softeners | DI & Carbon

UV . . . Quick History

• First applied in the early 1900's
• UV used to disinfect industrial process waters – mid 1900's
• UV becomes best available technology (BAT) for waste water – mid 1980's
• Sterilight manufactures first stainless vessel for residential drinking water markets – mid 1980's
• EPA looking at UV as primary disinfectant for municipally treated water supplies – late 1990's
• EPA/NSF agree that UV appears to be BAT for inactivation of Giardia & Cryptosporidium – late 1990's

Microorganisms . . . What do they look like?

	Cryptosporidium		Cyanobacteria
	Bacillus		Polio
	E. coli		Shigella

UV / Chlorine / Ozone

Chlorine

• In the early 1900's, chlorine came into use as a method of disinfecting drinking water
• "It has been estimated that 14-16% of bladder cancers in Ontario may be attributable to drinking water containing relatively high levels of chlorination disinfection by-products"
• "There is an increase in bladder and rectal cancers with duration of chlorinated groundwater use"
• If chlorine is removed from water supplies, the rate of water borne diseases will increase dramatically
• If water is contaminated with germs, drinking it can cause serious illness, and often death (ex. Cholera & Typhoid)
• It is estimated that 1/3 of all wells in North America are contaminated with water borne germs
• One method that is emerging as the most acceptable means of disinfecting drinking water supplies is Sterilight or U.V.

E.Coli

• E. coli is the abbreviated name of the bacterium Escherichia (Genus) coli (species)
• E. coli is specific to the bowel, gut and faeces of birds, animals and humans. Its presence indicates, faecal contamination.
• can cause gastroenteritis with symptoms such as stomach cramps, vomiting, fever and diarrhoea
• Children and elderly are at particular risk

What is E. coli O157:H7

• a rare member of the EHEC, enterohemorrhagic E. coli group
• in simplistic terms, the bacteria E. coli., has been infected with a bacterial virus resulting in a "mutant" strain that produces a Vero toxin which causes severe damage to intestinal cells

UV destroys E. coli O157:H7 at levels of < 10 mJ/cm2

Micro Organisms Destruction Chart

Bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens Bacillus anthracis Bacillus megatherium (vegetative) Bacillus megatherium (spores) Bacillus subtilis (vegetative) Bacillus subtilis (spores) Clostridium tetani Corynebacterium diphtheria Dysentery bacilli (diarrhea) Escherichia coli (diarrhea) Legionella bozemanii Legionella dumoffii Legionella gormanii Legionella micdadei Legionella longbeachae Legionella pneumophila (legionnaires disease) Leptospira interrogans (infectious jaundice) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Neisseria catarrahalis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa (laboratory) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (environmental) Rhodospirillum rubrum Salmonella (food poisoning) Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella paratyphi (enteric fever) Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella typhosa (typhoid fever) Saracen lutea Serratia marcescens Shigella dysentariae (dysentary) Shigella flexneri (dysentary) Shigella sonnei Staphylococcus epidermidis

8,500 8,700 2,500   2,500 11,000 58,000 22,000 6,500 4,200 6,600 3,500 5,500 4,900 3,100 2,900 3,800   6,000   10,000 8,500 6,600 3,900   10,500   6,200 10,000 7,600 6,100   15,200 7,000   26,400 6,200 4,200   3,400 7,000 5,800

Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus faccalis Streptococcus heaolyeous; Streptococcus lactis Viridans streptococci Vibro comma (cholera)   Mold Spores Aspergillus flavus (yellowish green) Aspergillus glaucus (bluish green) Aspergillus nigar (yellowish green) Mucor ramosissimus (white-grey) Penicillium digitatum (olive) Penicillium expansum (olive) Penicillium roqueforti (green) Rhizopus nigricans (cheese mold)   Algae Chlorella vulgaris   Protozoa Nematode eggs Paramecium   Viruses Bacteriophage (E. Coli) Hepatitis Influenza Poliovirus (poliomyelitis) Rotavirus Tobacco mosaic virus;   Yeast Baker's yeast Brewer's yeast Common yeast cake Saccharomyces ellipsoideus Saccharomyces sp

7,000 10,000 5,500 8,800 3,800 6,500     99,000 88,000 330,000 35,200 88,000 22,000 26,400 220,000     22,000     92,000 200,000     6,600 8,000 6,600 7,000 24,000 440,000     8,800 6,600 13,200 13,200 17,600

What dose is required

16 mJ/cm2 >>> US Public Health

30 mJ/cm2 >>> R-Can Standard

40 mJ/cm2 >>> NSF / EPA Requirement

Note: these dosages represent end-of-lamp life (EOL) figures

Why should I test my water?

• If you are on your own water supply, it is imperative to have your water tested on a regular basis to determine its bacteriological quality
• These tests are usually performed free of charge by the local Health Board

You may also wish to test the water during any of the following circumstances:

• If family members (or guests) have recurrent incidents of gastrointestinal illness
• If there is an infant in the home
• If you are purchasing a home and wish to determine the quality of the water (usually mandatory in order to obtain financing)
• If you wish to monitor the efficiency and performance of a home water treatment system
• If you notice a change in the taste, smell, or appearance of the raw water

Coliform and The Water Analysis

• Coliform refers to a group of bacteria that grow on certain types of growth media, or cause a colour change when incubated that tells the analyst that these bacteria are present
• Coliform is used as the preferred indicator of waterborne contamination and the possible presence of intestinal parasites or pathogens
• Pathogens may not be present if coliforms are, but it is time to check for the problem just in case
• Total coliforms are natural residents of soil and water and serve as an indicator organism
• Faecal coliforms are those that are usually found in the fecal matter of animals (their presence is usually an indicator of sewage contamination)

Advantages of UV Light

• No need to handle dangerous toxic or corrosive chemicals
• Simple, quick and inexpensive installation with only two water and one electrical connection
• Simple maintenance, only yearly lamp replacement (provided water quality parameters are met)
• No moving parts to wear out or break
• Virtual immediate disinfection eliminates the need for long retention times - no need for retention tanks
• Microbiologically free water without the use of potentially dangerous chemicals
• UV imparts no change in taste, odour, pH or conductivity
• Very low power consumption -- less than a 40 watt light bulb to effectively treat up to 8 gallons per minute
• Lower capital investment when compared to chlorine or ozone systems
• Automatic, unattended and user friendly operation
• No trihalomethanes (THM's) formation

UV Applications

UV has gained worldwide acceptance and is widely used in urban and rural domestic water applications in both POE and POU residential water treatment.

It is used for surface waters and groundwaters.

It is used for industrial products and process waters such as:

• food and beverage
• pharmaceutical
• bottling plants
• agriculture
• cooling towers
• dairies
• breweries
• electronics/semi-conductor
• wineries
• aquaculture

It is also used in Municipal Waste Waters for secondary treatment of effluents and for tertiary effluent treatment for waste water reuse.

Note: The EPA is currently looking at UV as a primary disinfectant for municipal drinking water.

Lamp Depreciation

Ice Ballast

• Optimum UV output over a wide range of input voltages
• Constant current output over entire input line voltage range
• Not affected by line frequency variations (47-63Hz.)
• Increased energy efficiency
• Built-in EMI/RFI filtering
• Increased ballast life & cooler operating temperatures
• Patent pending technology
• One ballast for ½ to 12 gpm applications

S8Q-PA

• Point-of-entry disinfection
• quartz lamp & sleeve
• 3/4 " MNPT connections
• ICE ballast technology
• 304 stainless steel reactor, 600 grit finish

S12Q-PA

• Point-of-entry disinfection
• quartz lamp & sleeve
• 1 " MNPT connections
• ICE ballast technology
• 304 stainless steel reactor, 600 grit finish

S24Q / S24Q GOLD

• Point-of-use disinfection
• quartz lamps & sleeves
• 1 " MNPT connections
• electronic "intelligent" ballast
• technology
• 316L stainless steel reactor, 600 grit finish

GOLD

• true 254nm UV monitor
• IR output
• solenoid ready

Certification Protocols

	Systems tested and approved by the Canadian Standards Association (file No. LR80645) (UL equivalency)
	230 volt units (1/2 to 100 gpm) and ICE ballasts are fully CE compliant
	EPA establishment # 57987-CN-001
	Member of the Water Quality Association